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Chronological List of District Heating Systems in
the United States | District Heating
Studies | District Heating in
Rochester, New York |
District Heating Summary Document (pdf)
District heating could
not be introduced until heating apparatus had been developed for
individual buildings. These systems included hot air, hot water and
steam and were slowly adopted during the 19th Century.
References about
Building Heating Systems
1550 De
Subtilitate, Girolamo Cardano; 2013 translation The
De Subtilitate of Girolamo Cardano: The principles, matter, form, the
vacuum, the resistance of bodies, natural motion, and position
Page 266: Architects soon learned how to apply this apparatus for
general warming, and by 1550 Italian scientist Guillermo Cardano could
write that an entire book would not have been sufficient to explain all of
the inventions unknown to the ancients, including furnaces in houses.
1594 The jewell house of art and nature. Conteining divers rare and profitable inventions, together with sundry new experimentes in the art of husbandry, distillation and moulding, by [Sir Hugh Plat] also here
1595 A discouerie of certaine English wants, which are royally supplyed in this treatise by H. Platt of Lincolnes Inne Esquier
1602 Delightes for ladies, to adorne their persons, tables, closets, and distillatories, by Sir Hugh Platt
1603 A new, cheape, and delicate fire of cole-balles, by Sir Hugh Platt
1618 Holtzsparkunst, by Franz Kessler (translated in 1619 as L'espargne-bois).
1624 L'architecture francoise des bastimens particuliers, by Louis Savot | 1642 edition |
1661 Fumifugium: or the inconvenience of the aer and smoak of London dissipated, by John Evelyn
1713 La Mécanique du Feu, by Nicolas Gauger
1715 Fires improv'd: being a new method of building chimneys, so as to prevent their smoaking: ... Written in French, by Monsieur Gauger: made English and improved, by J. T. Desaguliers,
1724 Itinerarium curiosum. Or, an account of the antiquitys and remarkable curiositys in nature or art, observ'd in travels thro' Great Brittan, by William Stuckley
1739 "Nytt påfund af Drif-bänkar, som undfå sin Wärma af Anga" [A new experiment with hot-beds heated by steam.] by Mårten Triewald, Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlingar [Transactions of the Swedish Academy of Sciences] 1:25-35 (July, August, September, 1739).
1741 "The following account of the snows that have fallen this last hard winter, in and near Philadelphia," The American Magazine 1(3):115-120 (March 1741)
1744 An account of the new invented Pennsylvanian fire-places, Benjamin Franklin
1745 "A
Proposal for Warming Rooms by the Steam of boiling Water conveyed in
Pipes along the Walls: And a method or preventing Ships from Leaking,
whose Bottoms are eaten by the Worms," by Colonel William Cook, Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London 43(476):370-2. (Read May
2, 1745)
An engine for giving a sufficient Heat to all the Rooms in House from the
Kitchen Fire.
1771 "An Account of the Kang, or Chinese Stoves," by Father Gramont, Translated from the French, Philosophical Transactions 61:61-70 (1771)
1777 Boulton and Watt were using both steam and hot water for heating
1784 In the winter of 1784-5, James Watt, inventor of the separate condenser for the steam engine, installed a steam radiator to warm his office
1784 Sutton Thomas Wood, utilization of waste heat, British Patent #1455, November 17, 1784
1791 Specification of John Hoyle, junior : apparatus for generating steam, applicable to the warming of buildings, British Patent #1816, August 6, 1791.
1793 Specification of Joseph Green, British Patent #1988, December 9, 1793, Warming rooms and buildings with hot air of purer quality than hitherto used. Effected by means of pipes immersed in hot water or steam
1794 The
Repertory of Arts and Manufactures 1:300-303
"Specification of the Patent granted to Mr. John Hoyle, of the Parish of
Halifax, in the county of York, Dyer; for his Method of communicating Heat
to Green-Houses, Churches, Dwelling-Houses, and all other buildings,"
dated July 7, 1791.
1801 The
Picture of Petersburg, by Heinrich Friedrich von Storch
Page 50: The Tauridan Palace. The heat is maintained by
concealed flues practised in the walls and pillars, and even under the
earth leaden pipes are conveyed, incessantly filled with boiling water.
1805 "Modes of Heating Rooms by Steam," by Mr. Neil Snodgrass, February 18, 1805, Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 24:118-128 (1806)
1805 The Abortion of the Young Steam Engineer's Guide: Containing an Investigation of the Principles, Construction and Powers of Steam Engines. ... Illustrated with Five Engravings, by Oliver Evans
1807 An
Essay on the Warming of Mills, and Other Buildings, by Steam,
by Robert Buchanan
Page 21: Although in all situations in which there is a
steam-engine, or a regular supply of steam kept up for other purposes, it
may be proper to use steam for warming buildings, yet where that is not
the case, unless a person can be appropriated to the sole purpose of
attending on the boiler, I would not recommend it; for the trouble and
expence of attending on a small boiler, and risk from carelessness of not
keeping up a regular heat, or of having it burst or burnt out, would more
than counterbalance the advantage otherwise to be derived from it.
Were it not for the above objections, steam might be exceedingly useful in
dwelling-houses. When a dwelling-house, however, is near a manufactory, it
may easily be heated, as is done, I am told, by Mr. Lee at Salford.
1812 "Account
of the steam engines of Oliver Evans," by Oliver Evans, Archives
of Useful Knowledge 2(4):362-369 (April 1812)
Page 364: 5th. One at Middletown, Connecticut; the property of the
Middletown Woollen Manufacturing Company ; twenty-four horse power,
driving all the machinery for carding, spinning, reeling, weaving,
washing, fulling, dyeing, shearing, dressing and finishing. The steam,
after doing all this, warms the house, heats water, &c. and serves
instead of oil, in dressing the cloth. It is preferred by the artist, Mr.
J. Sandford, who directs the establishment, to all he had seen in England,
after remaining there thirteen years, and seeing all the best British
steam engines. (b)
Page 367: (b) Mr. Sandford says, in a letter to Mr. Evans, “as to
the engine we had from you, it continues to perform with increasing
credit, and thus far exceeds any thing of the kind I ever saw. It is my
opinion, that it will continue superior to all other modes of constructing
steam engines ; as to all former constructions for that purpose, they are
so far inferior, in my opinion, that I would not take them as a gift,
could I obtain yours at your price.”
1813 "Letter
from Oliver Evans to his son George, May 19, 1813," reprinted in Oliver
Evans: A chronicle of Early American Engineering, by Greville
Bathe and Dorothy Bathe (1935) | also here
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Page 193: I have conceived a great improvement in the application of
my inexhaustible principle of my Steam engine I warm a factory by
Conveying the Steam by light coper pipes through all the appartments so
that the Steam condensed to water will run back to the supply pump The air
itself will condense the steam with the aid of the pressure of the Steam
as the pipe fills and the hotter the supply water is returned to the
boiler to be raised the less by the fire say 30° only the less fuel will
be required because the difference between the elastic power of Steam in
the boiler and condenser will be greater and this difference is the neat
power of the engine.
At Patapsco near Baltimore they have a copper pipe run through all their
appartments enough to condense for 100 horse power and their boiler to
make the steam sufficient for a 20 or 30 horse engine the same fuel that
they use would drive the Engine to work their Machinery is not this
astonishing that this was not sooner seen in all the 7 years since I first
calculated the above table and explained it in a book. This will secure
our Steam engine 14 years perhaps longer but Mum.
1813 "An
Account of the Steam Engine," The Emporium of Arts and Sciences
2(1):1-477 (December 1813)
Page 203: Oliver Evan's Columbian Steam Engine.
1814 "An
Oliver Evans License of 1814," reprinted in Power
40(11):378-379 (September 15, 1914)
This engine is not more than one fourth the weight of others; is more
simple, durable, and cheap, and more suitable for every purpose;
especially for propelling boats and land carriages. It requires no more
water than the fuel will evaporate in steam, and this steam may be
employed to warm the apartments of factories; or the condenser could be
used as a still to distil spirits; or a vat or paper making, boiler in a
brewery, dye factory, &c. &c.
1815 A Treatise on the Economy of Fuel, by Robertson Buchanan
1816 Observations sur l'art de faire éclore et d'élever la volaille sans le secours des poules, by M. Bonnemain
1818 On Conducting Air by Forced Ventilation: And Regulating the Temperature in Dwellings, with a Description of the Application of the Principles ... and a Short Account of Different Patent Apparatus for Warming and Cooling Air and Liquids, by Jean-Frédéric de Chabannes (marquis de Curton)
1818 Appendix to the Marquis de Chabanne's Publication, on Conducting Air by Forced Ventilation, and Equalizing the Temperature of Dwellings;: Published in 1818. : Being a Continuation of the Description of the Patent Apparatus for Warming and Cooling Air and Liquid, by Jean-Frédéric de Chabannes (Marquis de Curton)
1824 Principles of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings: Dwelling Houses, Manufactories, Hospitals, Hot-houses, Conservatories, &c.; and of Constructing Fire-places, Boilers, Steam Apparatus, Grates, and Drying Rooms; with Illustrations Experimental, Scientific, and Practical by Thomas Tredgold | Second Edition |
1825 The Theory and Practice of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings, Dwelling Houses, and Conservatories [Robert Stuart Meikleham] | second edition |
1828 Traité de la chaleur: et de ses applications aux arts et aux manufacturess applications par Eugène Péclet | volume 2 | second edition |
1828 "Upon the Application of Hot Water in Heating Hot-houses," by Mr. Thomas Tredgold, Read August 5, 1838, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 7:568-583 (1830)
1828 "Mr.
Atkinson of Grove End Proved to have been the First who successfully
applied the mode of heating by hot water to hot-houses," by Thomas
Tredgold, The Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Rural and Domestic
Improvement 3:427-432 (March 1828)
Page 430: It is probable, also, that the circulation of hot water in
the conservatory of the Palace of Taurida, mentioned by Storch, in his
Description of St. Petersburgh, as having been in use in the time of
Prince Potemkin was effected by some French engineer who had seen the
invention of M. Bonnemain.
1828 "Chabannes's
Pamphlets on heating by hot water," The Gardener's Magazine
4:28-31 (April 1828)
Pages 30-31: Having been informed by several correspondents, that the mode
of heating by hot water had long been practised by Messrs. Boulton and
Watt, we wrote to these gentlemen, and the following is an extract from
their answer. It deserves attention, not merely on account of the singular
fact of their having practised this mode of heating for "upwards of fifty
years," but because it contains some very judicious observations on the
mode itself. Coming from such eminent engineers, the observations will
have their due weight with our readers.
"We may briefly observe that the attention of this firm has been directed
to the employment of steam and hot water as media for the transmission of
heat upwards of fifty years, and they have been used by us, with that
view, under almost every modification, in the warming of rooms for all the
various operations of manufactories, for habitations, for the heating of
baths, vats, and various other purposes. Preference was given to the one
or other according to the circumstances under which the application of
heat was required, steam being naturally preferred for the more rapid
diffusion of a high temperature, and water substituted when the heating of
that liquid to a low temperature, or the steady maintenance of such a
temperature in a room, were the objects to be attained. The application of
these principles to the warming of hot-houses has not attracted much of
our attention, not possessing ourselves any house of that description, but
the adoption in them of modes of heating practised in other buildings,
where analogous desiderata were attained, must, we conceive, be a natural
consequence of the diffusion of the practice.
"Whenever the horticulturist determined it to be a primary consideration
in the heating of the hot-house, to preserve with the least fluctuation
any given degree of atmospheric temperature, the advantage of employing
water in preference to steam, for the attainment of that end, was obvious,
and could not fail to present itself to any mind conversant with its use
for that purpose. The practicable attainment of it could not be attended
with difficulty, as it had long been effected under analogous
circumstances. "Soho, March 18. 1828."
1829 Historical
and Descriptive Anecdotes of Steam-engines, and of Their Inventors and
Improvers, Volume 1, by Robert Stuart [Meikleham] | Volume
2 |
Page 2:618: 1716 Sir Martin Triewald was a Swede, who came to England in
1716, to obtain information regarding the mode of mining followed at
Newcastle -- He remained in that neighbourhood for some years, and was
employed as an engineer at a coal-mine; he was a pupil of Desaguliers, and
some of his improvements on the diving-bell are described in the Doctor's
Experimental Philosophy. He returned to Sweden in 1726, and erected an
atmospheric-engine, the parts of which he got fabricated in England. He
was captain of mechanics, and military architect to the King of Sweden ;
and was in correspondence with some of his friends in the Royal Society
until his death. He invented a mode of warming conservatories by hot
water.
1829 Practical observations on ventilating and warming public edifices, dwelling-houses, etc, Second Edition, by Robert Stuart [Meikleham]
1831 "Review
of Upon the Application of Hot Water in Heating Hot-houses by Mr. Thomas
Tredgold," The Gardener's Magazine and Register of Rural &
Domestic Improvement 7:177-187 (April 1831)
Page 177: It is an undeniable fact that the first discoverer was
Bonnemain
1831 "Extract
of a letter from Col. Thomas H. Perkins," New England Farmer
10:156 (November 30, 1831)
Description of a hot water heating apparatus for his hothouse.
1832 "Perkin's Apparatus for Heating Air," Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania 10:45-49 (July 1832)
1835 "Observations on the comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of the various Systems of heating by Hot Water now in use; and of the system in general," by Censor, The Architectural Magazine 2(19):407-422 (September 1835)
1836 Suggestions
for Warming and Ventilating the Houses of Parliament with Hot Water in
Cast-Iron Pipes, by Thomas Netherson Parker
Page 1: A.D. 1777 Steam and hot water were employed at the Soho
Manufactory, Birmingham, for the transmission of heat, as far back as
about the year 1777; which is a contradiction of all claims of a recent
date for the invention of heating rooms and buildings by hot water within
metal pipes.
1836 "Parker's
Suggestions for Warming, &c.," The Architectural Magazine
3:479 (October 1836)
The facts and experiments brought to elucidate the subject trace the
employment of steam and hot water from 1777, when both were employed at
the Soho Manufactory, Birmingham, to the 23d of July, 1836, when Mr.
Parker visited a steam apparatus, for the cultivation of pines and grapes,
at Olive Mount, near Liverpool, put up by Mr. Walker of Manchester,
according to a patent granted to Mr. Perkins. The author's conclusion is,
"Praise and admiration are freely given to the powers of the steam-engine
in manufactures, for locomotion, and in cases where great force or rapid
movement is required; but in the mere transmission of heat for
horticultural and domestic purposes, the application of hot water is more
suitable for producing a slow, safe, and continuous effect; while the
warming by steam is sudden, hazardous, and intermittent." With respect to
the advantages of heating horticultural buildings by hot water, they are
undoubted; we also consider it preferable to steam in certain cases, but
not in all, for heating public buildings; but for heating private
dwellings we object to it, for the reasons given by our correspondent
Censor, Vol. II. p. 407.
1836 Principles of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings, Dwelling Houses, Manufactories, Hospitals, Hot-houses, Conservatories, &c: And of Constructing Fire-places, Boilers, Steam-apparatus, Grates, and Drying-rooms; with Remarks on the Nature of Heat and Light, &c. &c. &c, by Thomas Tredgold, Third Edition
1837 A Popular Treatise on the Warming and Ventilating of Buildings, by Charles James Richardson | Second Edition (1839) |
1837 On the comparative merits of the various systems of warming buildings by means of hot water, by W. Walker (of the Firm of Turner and Walker, Dublin.)
1840 A. M. Perkins's improved patent apparatus for warming and ventilating buildings, by Angier March Perkins
1841 Report
on Perkins's System of Warming Buildings by hot water, by John
Davies
Report on fires caused by the high temperatures of the Perkins apparatus.
1841 "On Warming Buildings by Hot Water," The Annals of Electricity Magnetism and Chemistry and Guardian of Experimental Science 6:475-499 (March 1841)
1841 Joseph Paxton's greenhouse at Chatsworth, known as the "Great Stove," was warmed with a hot water system with eight subterranean boilers. It was said that “seven miles of 4-inch pipes, fired by eight boilers hidden underground were needed to heat this massive edifice, with coal brought to the boilers on an underground railway.” See 2016 reference below.
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| Joseph Paxton's Great Stove at Chatsworth | Plan of the Great Stove Heating System |
1841 “A
Description of the Eastern Penitentiary, of the State of Pennsylvania,
designed and executed by John Haviland, Esq., Architect,” by T.U.
Walter, Journal of the Franklin Institute 3rd ser. 2:118-120
(August 1841)
Page 119: The whole prison is warmed on Perkin's plan of hot water
circulation through iron pipes, and those who have the management of the
institution seem to be satisfied that the plan is a good one for such an
establishment.
1845 On the History and Art of Warming and Ventilating Rooms and Buildings, Volume 1, by Robert Stuart [Meikleham] | Volume 2 | Another edition |
1846 A Novel Heating Installation - The Pulsial System - as installed at the New Premises of W.H. Smith & Son, Kingsway, London, by A.M. Perkins and Son Ltd.
1851 Walworth,
Nason & Guild's Catalogue of Wrought Iron Pipes and Iron and Brass
Fixtures for steam, gas, water, &c
Page 3: Walworth, Nason & Guild are the originators of the plan
of warming buildings, heating, drying, &c., by steam,
through the means of wrought iron pipes.
Pages 41-45: Warming by Steam
The exhaust steam from an engine can be applied efficiently for warming by
this method; a simple device having been contrived to prevent the exhaust
from backing upon the engine.
1853 Notes
on the Causes of Fires in Buildings, arising from Grates, Furnaces,
Stoves, and Gas, by Wyatt A. Papworth
Page 17-18: Heating by Hot Water, on the High-pressure system
1853 The Crystal Palace was rebuilt at Sydenham and designed to be opened year-round, which required a heating system, which was modeled after the one in the Great Stove.
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| Aerial view of the Crystal Palace in 1936 |
1854 Guice
to the Crystal Palace and Park by Samuel Phillips
Pages 30-32: Hot Water Apparatus
The building was dismantled and reassembled in Sydenham with a new heating
system with eleven pairs of boilers placed twenty-four feet underground.
1855 Descriptive notice of the steam heating apparatus, by Stephen J. Gold
1858 Gold's patent steam heating apparatus : for warming private residences, stores, churches, hospitals, public buildings, green houses, graperies, &c., by Massachusetts Steam Heating Company.
1859 "Heating
Apparatus," The Baltimore Sun, December 16, 1859, Page 2.
The Annapolis Gazette states that Messrs. Hayward, Bartlett & Co., of
Baltimore, have completed the heating apparatus for the State House, and
it is now is successful operation. The heating agent is hot water; and the
effect Is really surprising. Even the large and lofty rotunda--the coldest
place this side of Canada--is as comfortably warm as the chilliest mortal
can desire.
1860 "The
New Government Building," Chicago Tribune, August 4, 1860,
Page 1.
Hot water heating apparatus is being put in under contract with Hayward,
Bartlett & Co., of Baltimore.
1862 "The
New United States Court-House," The Baltimore Sun, May 17,
1862, Page 1.
The whole structure will be heated by the hot water apparatus of Hayward,
Bartlett & Co.
1869 Traité
pratique du chauffage, de la ventilation et de la distribution des
eaux dans les habitations particulières, by Victor Charles
Joly
Pages 206-208: Bibliographie
1870 The Complete Works of Count Rumford, Volume 1, by Benjamin Graf von Rumford | Volume 2 | Volume 3 | Volume 4 |
1885 Warming and ventilating by steam and water, by Baker, Smith & Co.
1886 "Oliver Evans and his Inventions," by Coleman Sellers, Jr., Scientific American Supplement 22(552):8813-8814 (July 31, 1886)
1893 "The Early Days of Steam Heating," by James J. Walworth and A.C. Walworth, The Engineering Record 28:46 (June 17, 1893) | Part 2: 28:64 (June 24, 1893) |
1895 "A Short Talk on the Construction of Hot Water Radiators," Heating and Ventilation 5:3 (February 1, 1895)
1911 "Retrospective,"
by Edward P. Bates, Domestic Engineering 57:226-229 (December 2,
1911)
History of Walworth & Nason.
1913 "The Development and Application of the Steam Trap," by William H. Odell, Steam 11:68-70 (March 1913)
1921 "Evolution of the Steam Boiler," by Terrell Croft, Power 53:509 (March 29, 1921)
1930 "A History of the Development of the Radiator," by Ara Marcus Daniels, Domestic Engineering 130(1):49-56, 111-117 (January 11, 1930) | Part 2 |
1935 Oliver
Evans; a chronicle of early American engineering, by Greville
and Dorothy Bathe | Reprinted 1972 |
Page 184: Middletown Manufacturing Company
Page 193: Patapsco
1941 "Early Application of Engineering to the Warming of Buildings," by A.F. Dufton, Newcomen Society Transactions 21:99-111 (1940-1941), Read at the Institution of Civil Engineers (February 12, 1941)
1943 Jacob Perkins, his inventions, his times, & his contemporaries, by Greville and Dorothy Bathe
1945 Walworth 1842-1942
1959 "A Historical Review of the Art of Heating and Ventilation," by Neville S. Billington, Architectural Science Review, ii, 1959, 118-130
1960 The Beginnings of a Century of Steam and Hot Water Heating by the H.B. Smith Company, by Susan Reid Stifler
1961 The
Works of Joseph Paxton, 1803-1865, by George F. Chadwick
Pages 94-95: The first operation on the site was that of levelling
and excavation for the foundations and for the heating chamber beneath the
structure, and for the access tunnel beneath the cascade, for it was a
matter of principle with Paxton that the service aspects of the building
should be entirely invisible and the conservatory present the same aspect
to the gardens on all four sides; even the boiler flue was taken,
underground, up the hillside for some distance into the woods to an
isolated chimney-stack for this reason, a procedure that would result also
in increased draught for the furnaces; both flue and stack still survive.
Page 97: The heating of the conservatory was effected by no less
than eight boilers beneath the building, feeding seven miles of four-inch
iron pipe running in corridors high enough for a man to walk upright in
them. The fuel for the boilers was also stored underground, and fed to the
furnaces by a small tramway.
Page 148: As with many of Paxton’s building some of the most
interesting features were hidden from normal view, but not thereby lacking
in importance. Ventilation had been important for the Great Exhibition,
and to this was now added the need for heating. This Paxton patterned on
his successful experiments in low-pressure hot water heating at
Chatsworth. An access roadway ran through the basement storey of the
building, and here no less than twenty-two boilers were arranged in pairs,
each holding 11,000 gallons of water; one extra boiler was added at the
north end for a display of tropical plants, two in the lower storeys in
each wing, and two small ones for the fountain basins at each end of the
building containing Victoria regias and other tropical aquatics.
Four pipes of 9 in. diameter were attached to each boiler, two flow and
two return, and each boiler heated a certain transverse section of the
Crystal Palace: the length of one flow and return was a mile and
three-quarters, and the total length of heating pipes of all kinds was
nearly fifty miles. The control of this intricate system was said to be by
an unspecified new device invented by Paxton and Henderson.
1964 Home
Fires Burning: the History of Domestic Heating and Cooking, by
Lawrence Wright
Page 170: About 1806, a Mr. Stephens of Dublin proposed using the
waste heat from lime kilns to warm adjoining houses through flues.
During the fuel shortage of about 1918, the Sentinel Steam Wagon Works at
Shrewsbury, England, built houses just across the road from the works,
heated by water which was heated by waste steam, at a charge of 2s
per week including hot water.
1969 The Architecture of the Well Tempered Environment, by Reyner Banham
1969 Early
stationary steam engines in America : a study in the migration of a
technology, by Carroll W. Pursell
Page 84: Middletown Woolen Manufacturing Company. This engine
was in operation by May 1811.
1970 The
Development of the Factory, by Jennifer Tann
Pages 109-122: Factory Heating
1971 "Heating Stoves in Eighteenth Century Philadelphia," Samuel Y. Edgerton, Jr, Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, 3(2/3): (1971), pp. 15-104
1971 "The Infancy of Central Heating in the United States: 1803 - 1845," Benjamin L. Walbert, III, Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, 3(4):76-88 (1971)
1976 Building
Early America: contributions toward the history of a great industry,
edited by Charles E. Peterson
Pages 165-185: "An Historical Sketch of Central Heating: 1800-1860," by
Eugene S. Ferguson
1978 Philadelphia's First Fuel Crisis: Jacob Cist and the development market for Pennsylvania anthracite, by H. Benjamin Powell
1978 "Central Heating and Forced Ventilation: Origins and Effects on Architectural Design," by Robert Bruegmann, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 37(3):143-160 (October 1978)
1979 Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, by Sanborn C. Brown,
1980 Oliver Evans, Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, by Eugene S. Ferguson
1982 The Renaissance 'Stufetta' in Roma: The Circle of Raphael and the recreation of the antique, Nancy Elizabeth Edwards, Dissertation Univ of Minnesota
1982 Keeping Warm, by Eileen Harris
1992 Civilization
and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. I: The Structure of Everyday
Life, by Ferdinand Braudel
Pages 298-303: Chimneys and Fireplaces; Furnaces and Stoves
1993 "Heating Methods and Their Impact on Soane's Work: Lincoln's Inn Fields and Dulwich Picture Gallery," by Todd Willmert, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 52(1):26-58 (March 1993)
1994 Eastern
State Penitentiary Historic Structures Report
Page 103-107: Heating, by David G. Cornelius
2006 The busiest man in England : the life of Joseph Paxton, gardener, architect, & Victorian visionary, by Kate Colquhoun
2006 "Jean Simon Bonnemain (1743-1830) and the Origins of Hot Water Central Heating," Emmanuelle Gallo, Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History, Jun 2006, Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp.1043-1060. | also here |
2016 Joseph Paxton: The Great Stove and the Crystal Palaces, by Brian Roberts
2025 The Franklin Stove: An Unintended American Revolution, by Joyce E. Chaplin
© 2020-2026 Morris A. Pierce