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Chronological List of District Heating Systems in
the United States | District Heating
Studies | District Heating in
Rochester, New York |
District Heating Summary Document (pdf)
District heating could
not be introduced until heating apparatus had been developed for
individual buildings. These systems included hot air, hot water and
steam and were slowly adopted during the 19th Century.
References about
Building Heating Systems
1594 The
jewell house of art and nature. Conteining divers rare and profitable
inventions, together with sundry new experimentes in the art of
husbandry, distillation and moulding, by [Sir Hugh Plat]
1739 "Nytt påfund af Drif-bänkar, som undfå sin Wärma af Anga" [A new experiment with hot-beds heated by steam.] by Mårten Triewald, Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlingar [Transactions of the Swedish Academy of Sciences] 1:25-35 (July, August, September, 1739).
1794 The
Repertory of Arts and Manufactures 1:300-303
"Specification of the Patent granted to Mr. John Hoyle, of the Parish of
Halifax, in the county of York, Dyer; for his Method of communicating Heat
to Green-Houses, Churches, Dwelling-Houses, and all other buildings,"
dated July 7, 1791.
1801 The
Picture of Petersburg, by Heinrich Friedrich von Storch
Page 50: The Tauridan Palace. The heat is maintained by
concealed flues practised in the walls and pillars, and even under the
earth leaden pipes are conveyed, incessantly filled with boiling water.
1813 "Letter
from Oliver Evans to his son George, May 19, 1813," reprinted in Oliver
Evans: A chronicle of Early American Engineering, by Greville
Bathe and Dorothy Bathe (1935)
Page 193: I have conceived a great improvement in the application of
my inexhaustible principle of my Steam engine I warm a factory by
Conveying the Steam by light coper pipes through all the appartments so
that the Steam condensed to water will run back to the supply pump The air
itself will condense the steam with the aid of the pressure of the Steam
as the pipe fills and the hotter the supply water is returned to the
boiler to be raised the less by the fire say 30° only the less fuel will
be required because the difference between the elastic power of Steam in
the boiler and condenser will be greater and this difference is the neat
power of the engine.
At Patapsco near Baltimore they have a copper pipe run through all their
appartments enough to condense for 100 horse power and their boiler to
make the steam sufficient for a 20 or 30 horse engine the same fuel that
they use would drive the Engine to work their Machinery is not this
astonishing that this was not sooner seen in all the 7 years since I first
calculated the above table and explained it in a book. This will secure
our Steam engine 14 years perhaps longer but Mum.
1814 "An
Oliver Evans License of 1814," reprinted in Power
40(11):378-379 (September 15, 1914)
This engine is not more than one fourth the weight of others; is more
simple, durable, and cheap, and more suitable for every purpose;
especially for propelling boats and land carriages. It requires no more
water than the fuel will evaporate in steam, and this steam may be
employed to warm the apartments of factories; or the condenser could be
used as a still to distil spirits; or a vat or paper making, boiler in a
brewery, dye factory, &c. &c.
1828 "Upon the Application of Hot Water in Heating Hot-houses," by Mr. Thomas Tredgold, Read August 5, 1838, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 7:568-583 (1830)
1828 "Mr.
Atkinson of Grove End Proved to have been the First who successfully
applied the mode of heating by hot water to hot-houses," by Thomas
Tredgold, The Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Rural and Domestic
Improvement 3:427-432 (March 1828)
Page 430: It is probable, also, that the circulation of hot water in
the conservatory of the Palace of Taurida, mentioned by Storch, in his
Description of St. Petersburgh, as having been in use in the time of
Prince Potemkin was effected by some French engineer who had seen the
invention of M. Bonnemain.
1831 "Review
of Upon the Application of Hot Water in Heating Hot-houses by Mr. Thomas
Tredgold," The Gardener's Magazine and Register of Rural &
Domestic Improvement 7:177-187 (April 1831)
It is an undeniable fact that the first discoverer was Bonnemain
1831 "Extract
of a letter from Col. Thomas H. Perkins," New England Farmer
10:156 (November 30, 1831)
Description of a hot water heating apparatus for his hothouse.
1832 "Perkin's Apparatus for Heating Air," Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania 10:45-49 (July 1832)
1836 Principles of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings, Dwelling Houses, Manufactories, Hospitals, Hot-houses, Conservatories, &c: And of Constructing Fire-places, Boilers, Steam-apparatus, Grates, and Drying-rooms; with Remarks on the Nature of Heat and Light, &c. &c. &c, by Thomas Tredgold, Third Edition
1837 A Popular Treatise on the Warming and Ventilating of Buildings, by Charles James Richardson | Second Edition (1839) |
1837 On the comparative merits of the various systems of warming buildings by means of hot water, by W. Walker (of the Firm of Turner and Walker, Dublin.)
1840 A. M. Perkins's improved patent apparatus for warming and ventilating buildings, by Angier March Perkins
1841 Report
on Perkins's System of Warming Buildings by hot water, by John
Davies
Report on fires caused by the high temperatures of the Perkins apparatus.
1841 "On Warming Buildings by Hot Water," The Annals of Electricity Magnetism and Chemistry and Guardian of Experimental Science 6:475-499 (March 1841)
1841 Joseph Paxton's greenhouse at Chatsworth, known as the "Great Stove," was warmed with a hot water system with eight subterranean boilers.
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| Joseph Paxton's Great Stove at Chatsworth | Plan of the Great Stove Heating System |
1841 “A
Description of the Eastern Penitentiary, of the State of Pennsylvania,
designed and executed by John Haviland, Esq., Architect,” by T.U.
Walter, Journal of the Franklin Institute 3rd ser. 2:118-120
(August 1841)
Page 119: The whole prison is warmed on Perkin's plan of hot water
circulation through iron pipes, and those who have the management of the
institution seem to be satisfied that the plan is a good one for such an
establishment.
1845 On the History and Art of Warming and Ventilating Rooms and Buildings, Volume 1, by Robert Stuart [Meikleham] | Volume 2 |
1846 A Novel Heating Installation - The Pulsial System - as installed at the New Premises of W.H. Smith & Son, Kingsway, London, by A.M. Perkins and Son Ltd.
1851 Walworth,
Nason & Guild's Catalogue of Wrought Iron Pipes and Iron and Brass
Fixtures for steam, gas, water, &c
Page 3: Walworth, Nason & Guild are the originators of the plan
of warming buildings, heating, drying, &c., by steam,
through the means of wrought iron pipes.
Pages 41-45: Warming by Steam
The exhaust steam from an engine can be applied efficiently for warmng by
this method; a simple device having been contrived to prevent the exhaust
from backing upon the engine.
1853 The Crystal Palace was rebuilt at Sydenham and designed to be opened year-round, which required a heating system, which was modeled after the one in the Great Stove.
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| Aerial view of the Crystal Palace in 1936 |
1854 Guice
to the Crystal Palace and Park by Samuel Phillips
Pages 30-32: Hot Water Apparatus
The building was dismantled and reassembled in Sydenham with a new heating
system with eleven pairs of boilers placed twenty-four feet underground.
1855 Descriptive notice of the steam heating apparatus, by Stephen J. Gold
1858 Gold's patent steam heating apparatus : for warming private residences, stores, churches, hospitals, public buildings, green houses, graperies, &c., by Massachusetts Steam Heating Company.
1859 "Heating
Apparatus," The Baltimore Sun, December 16, 1859, Page 2.
The Annapolis Gazette states that Messrs. Hayward, Bartlett & Co., of
Baltimore, have completed the heating apparatus for the State House, and
it is now is successful operation. The heating agent is hot water; and the
effect Is really surprising. Even the large and lofty rotunda--the coldest
place this side of Canada--is as comfortably warm as the chilliest mortal
can desire.
1860 "The
New Government Building," Chicago Tribune, August 4, 1860,
Page 1.
Hot water heating apparatus is being put in under contract with Hayward,
Bartlett & Co., of Baltimore.
1862 "The
New United States Court-House," The Baltimore Sun, May 17,
1862, Page 1.
The whole structure will be heated by the hot water apparatus of Hayward,
Bartlett & Co.
1893 "The Early Days of Steam Heating," by James J. Walworth and A.C. Walworth, The Engineering Record 28:46 (June 17, 1893) | Part 2: 28:64 (June 24, 1893) |
1895 "A Short Talk on the Construction of Hot Water Radiators," Heating and Ventilation 5:3 (February 1, 1895)
1911 "Retrospective,"
by Edward P. Bates, Domestic Engineering 57:226-229 (December 2,
1911)
History of Walworth & Nason.
1913 "The Development and Application of the Steam Trap," by William H. Odell, Steam 11:68-70 (March 1913)
1945 Walworth 1842-1942
1960 The Beginnings of a Century of Steam and Hot Water Heating by the H.B. Smith Company, by Susan Reid Stifler
1961 The
Works of Joseph Paxton, 1803-1865, by George F. Chadwick
Pages 94-95: The first operation on the site was that of levelling
and excavation for the foundations and for the heating chamber beneath the
structure, and for the access tunnel beneath the cascade, for it was a
matter of principle with Paxton that the service aspects of the building
should be entirely invisible and the conservatory present the same aspect
to the gardens on all four sides; even the boiler flue was taken,
underground, up the hillside for some distance into the woods to an
isolated chimney-stack for this reason, a procedure that would result also
in increased draught for the furnaces; both flue and stack still survive.
Page 97: The heating of the conservatory was effected by no less
than eight boilers beneath the building, feeding seven miles of four-inch
iron pipe running in corridors high enough for a man to walk upright in
them. The fuel for the boilers was also stored underground, and fed to the
furnaces by a small tramway.
Page 148: As with many of Paxton’s building some of the most
interesting features were hidden from normal view, but not thereby lacking
in importance. Ventilation had been important for the Great Exhibition,
and to this was now added the need for heating. This Paxton patterned on
his successful experiments in low-pressure hot water heating at
Chatsworth. An access roadway ran through the basement storey of the
building, and here no less than twenty-two boilers were arranged in pairs,
each holding 11,000 gallons of water; one extra boiler was added at the
north end for a display of tropical plants, two in the lower storeys in
each wing, and two small ones for the fountain basins at each end of the
building containing Victoria regias and other tropical aquatics.
Four pipes of 9 in. diameter were attached to each boiler, two flow and
two return, and each boiler heated a certain transverse section of the
Crystal Palace: the length of one flow and return was a mile and
three-quarters, and the total length of heating pipes of all kinds was
nearly fifty miles. The control of this intricate system was said to be by
an unspecified new device invented by Paxton and Henderson.
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